Efectos de los microplásticos en la disponibilidad de fósforo de suelos y sostenibilidad agrícola: una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59758/rcci.2026.4.e64Palabras clave:
Nanoplásticos, Microbioma, Fosfatasa, Fertilidad de suelo, Minerales, FisiologíaResumen
Introducción: La presencia de microplásticos y la deficiencia de fósforo en los suelos constituyen problemáticas globales con implicancias para la producción y la sostenibilidad agrícola. Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre los efectos de los microplásticos en la dinámica del fósforo en suelos, con énfasis en los mecanismos de interacción y sus consecuencias para la fertilidad y la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura en la base de datos Scopus, siguiendo los lineamientos PRISMA. Se incluyeron estudios originales revisados por pares que evaluaron variables asociadas a la disponibilidad, fraccionamiento, mineralización, adsorción, desorción o solubilización del fósforo en suelos. Resultados: Se identificaron 61 estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La evidencia mostró que la mayoría de las investigaciones se desarrolló bajo condiciones controladas, principalmente en ensayos de incubación y maceta. En general, la presencia de microplásticos se asoció con una menor disponibilidad de fósforo, alteraciones en su fraccionamiento y cambios en la actividad fosfatasa del suelo, aunque la magnitud y dirección de estos efectos dependieron del tipo de polímero, dosis, tamaño de partícula y condiciones edáficas. Conclusiones: Los microplásticos constituyen un modulador relevante del ciclo del fósforo, con implicancias para la eficiencia de fertilización y la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Andrés Pinto-Poblete, Matías Betancur, María Constanza Arrué, Sergio Moraga-Bustos, José Leyton, Constanza García-Castillo (Autor/a)
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